This paper explores differences in the early career achievements of young university graduates associated with their family background (measured by parents' educational attainment). A descriptive exploration of a subsample taken from 2019 Survey on the Labour Insertion of University Graduates shows relevant differences across several indicators, with special attention to vertical mismatch (overeducation). We find a disadvantage of young graduates with less qualified parents in their initial labour market insertion in different areas, such as duration of the search and working conditions of the first job. In addition, they have a systematically higher risk of suffering horizontal and vertical educational mismatch. The overeducation gap is enhanced by decisions and strategies that are not available to all graduates but can be alleviated by the actions of both educational and employment institutions.

In the 21st century, in a context of educational expansion that has led to Spain to be one of the oecd countries, the proportion of 25 to 34 years in university studies, there are still significant differences in the educational achievement and of youth in terms of social origin. This calls into question the achievements in the area of equal opportunities in higher education system and the spanish labour market.

To illustrate this challenge this work explores the differences in advances at the beginning of a career of young people with a university degree in terms of their origin, identified through the educational level of the parents. Use the level of parental education and socio-economic proxy is quite common in literature and also responds to the correlation of the level of education with the variables that mark, on the one hand, the conditions under which the young faced undergraduate and, on the other hand, the transition from the studies into the labour market (see Erdsiek, 2016 ). The level of the parents is in addition to its proxy cognitive level and skills as well as in the status, occupation, which at the empirical literature was accredited as partly heritable. Therefore, the educational attainment can mark the availability of financial capital in families that allows them to approach the investment in human capital towards the fields of study and institutions, incurring most prestigious, if necessary, at an additional cost, associated with geographical mobility.

But it also relates to the transmission of a know-how on the functioning of the labor market in general and of the partners for specific occupations, which will help the young to prepare a strategy for the acquisition of additional human capital associated with gpa (graduate in business, practices, work experience, geographical mobility, language skills) should contribute to achieving a proper job for their skills. In turn, the level of parental education will shape the preferences and expectations of parents and young people themselves that they will seek to avoid a downgradingoccupational and, at least in the medium term, achieve the same status occupational health that their parents.

The origin is associated to other observable characteristics of graduates and their impact on the achievements of children quederá mediated through many variables: since the election of studies and the type of university to the determination to pursue postgraduate studies, your search method of the first employment and geographical mobility during and after the studies. You can also affect the educational achievements through cognitive skills and acquisition of additional competencies. While the present document contains the elements mentioned here, an analysis multivariante heterogeneity associated with the family would confirm trends observed here while addressing the mediation work characteristics academic and personal strategies of young people by the influence of his family origin.

Among the achievements of labour associated with people who are skilled the level of (un-) between the human capital acquired and employment that is of the most important because of their association with others, both monetary (wages) and non-monetary (job satisfaction, job).

There are already abundant incidence policymaking which warns of a risk of educational gap differential in spain in relation to other labour markets and identifies the socio-economic as one of the elements associated with that risk (Barone and Ortiz ( 2011 ); Marqués and Gil-hernández ( 2015 ); Queralt Capsada-Munsech ( 2020 )). This evidence is consistent with the already obtained in other countries (Erdsiek ( 2016 ) in germany, Caroleo and Pastore ( 2018 ) in italy, among others). Is associated with the election of the field of education and the provision of different types of human capital –, but also financial, cultural and social council – attached to the socio-economic (Of Schepper, Clycq and Kyndt, 2023 ).

Throughout this document ilustraremos diversity in the achievements of employment of young university graduates are associated with the family and we shall devote special attention to the vertical educational gap, the most linked to job precariousness in different orders. The database, key variables for analysis and gaps in a diverse mix of achievements. The paper ends with a detailed overview of the differential in the risk of sobreeducación by socio-economic origin through a set of variables academic and in the workplace.

TheSurvey of Employment of university graduates 2019

The main source of administrative information joins the questionnaire is the integrated information system Universitaria (SIIU), but are also reviewed data from respondents collected by the General treasury of Social security (TSGG), the public employment service Estatal (SEPE), the basis of persons with disabilities (IMSERSO-CERMI-MSCBS), and an inhabitant of the electoral roll and Spaniards living abroad (INE). The link of the information of the interviewees with their records in SIIU let you know in detail the reached, benefit from scholarships, studying abroad and experience of managed or external practices recognized by the universities. The questionnaire containing questions on account of the first job search, level of competences auto-percibido extra-académicas (knowledge of languages and handling of TICs), characteristics of the first job after graduation and employment at the time of the interview, among other things. For a full description of the database available INE ( 2020 ).

The EILU ( 2019 ) provides for graduates to first and second cycle, i.e. degree and master's degree. Assigned two separate sampling and generates two different samples. Also provides for all ages (in total, 31 . 651 graduates of degree and 11 . 483 graduates of master's degree). Here we selected a subsample of minors 30 at the time of the interview, within the sample of first cycle (grade) to identify more clearly the potential impact of family origin on advances at the beginning of a career. The size of this subsample is 15 . 214 cases, which is reduced some 500 further valores perdidos in various variables of interest. table 1 the annex contained the average relative frequencies and associated with all the variables relevant in this analysis. Few strokes allow us to identify the patterns: 62 , 57 by 100 the sample is consists of women, 27 , 50 by 100 graduated in social and legal sciences, 12 , 13 by 100 graduated in one private university, almost a 84 by 100 conducted in the course of study practices, and about 27 by 100 states that he worked during their studies. In addition, the 86 , 28 by 100 the young, studied in their autonomous community of origin, 21 by 100 registered international mobility during schooling, 60 , 34 by 100 postgraduate studies after graduating and the main search methods were the first contact with the employer on its own initiative and use personal contacts (family, friends).

The information provided by the EILU 2019 to build two subjective measures of misalignment from the information gathered in the questionnaire on the first job after graduation. For vertical parlance (sobreeducación) is derived from the answer to question: “ According To your opinion: What is the most appropriate training to accomplish this job? ”"what was the study area more appropriate for this work? '

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The Table 1 the Annex shows significant differences among young graduates with pd low and EP high: in recent state have a high level of english (with regard to the own certification), brilliant careers more often STEM or of health sciences and also use more private universities to gain qualifications. Moreover, have more geographical mobility, both to pursue his/her academic career in other autonomous community as to study for a while abroad during the gpa. Also record greater geographic mobility, both national and international levels, to access the first job. later We Will Check that all these academic and personal characteristics associated with the risk of vertical educational gap and they are mediators in the impact of the family in advances of graduates.

The EILU 2019 offers diverse information about the access to the first paid after the completion of studies and a number of characteristics which together with the educational gap (vertical, horizontal and knowledge) framing their quality: professional status, type of day and net monthly wage In the table. 2 there are the values of all means for parents of young people with high level of education.

Generally speaking there are no significant differences between the time needed for the incorporation in the first employment among young people with different family origin. The percentage of young people who continues to work in the previous employment before graduating is slightly higher in those with low-skilled parents, but the difference does not seem to be added at the professional situation. The more frequent (nearly 44 by 100 of the graduates) in the first is the employment of employees with temporary work or fixed-term, followed by interns or training (including health education, as specialized MIR, FIR, EIR, etc.) in the 26 by 100 cases. However, and in line with the specialization of formation (see Table 1 the Annex) young people with highly qualified parents are incorporated in a greater extent in their first job as workers in practices and training and those who have parents and less-skilled workers, through temporary contracts. If this is added to the rising incidence of part-time employment in those graduating skilled parents ( 41 , 38 address 33 , 80 by 100 ), the result is a lower wage level east: 86 by 100 young people with low-skilled parents declared in 2019 a net salary less than 1500 euros/month in front of the 80 by 100 of graduates with parents.

The incidence of the educational gap is higher among graduates with parents and less-skilled workers both in terms of sobreeducación ( 42 , 94 by 100 address 30 , 02 by 100 ) as in the educational gap horizontal ( 38 , 30 by 100 working in a post associated with an entirely different branch or not associated with no branch in particular, 27 , 65 by 100 ).

Table information 2 make clear the rising incidence of vertical and horizontal mismatch in young people with parents of middle- and low. The section has the distribution of such differential treatment two sets of characteristics associated. The results are shown in figures 1 and 2 breakdown, that the risk of education we saw in the previous section by additional socio-economic characteristics (Figure 1 ) and by characteristics of searching for and work experience (Figure 2 ). The blue bars relate to the risk of sobreeducación of young people with parents more qualified ( 30 percent on average), and white extensions represent additional percentage points sobreeducación on young people with less well educated parents ( 12 , 4 points to achieve a rate of sobreeducación of 42 , 4 per cent). Of these graphs derive some interesting lessons for the formulation of public policies.

The first lesson is that the graduates of the areas of study brunt of the educational gap (Humanities, arts and social services) family origin only contributes to alleviate the problem (Figure 1 ). In contrast, graduates of health sciences is seen most clearly the plus associated with having qualified parents: their levels of sobreeducación the lowest in the market ( 24 , 5 %), are reduced by half within this subset.

The second lesson relates to personal strategies to acquire additional human capital (through postgraduate studies, international mobility during the race) and cognitive skills (notes higher than the average of qualifications): the differential sobreeducación risk associated with have parents with low levels or means of education is milder in these groups, reflecting higher academic effort for its part, which would help to compensate for certain disadvantages.

In short, it appreciated the support offered educational institutions of the occupational integration of university graduates contributes significantly to reduce the differences associated with the family home. In contrast, the level of parental education tends to be translated into labour improvements for persons performing certain extra investments (international mobility, opposition), subject to serious budgetary constraints. Therefore, educational institutions and labour rights, particularly supports the transition from education to the labour market of graduates with lower social and family connections, thereby contributing to the equal opportunities.

Capsada-Munsech, Q. ( 2019 ). Overeducation, skills and social background: the influence of parental education on overeducation in Spain. Compare: a journal of comparative and international education, 50 ( 2 ): 216 - 236 .

Caroleo, F. E., & Pastore, F. ( 2018 ). Overeducation at a glance. Determinants and wage effects of the educational mismatch based on AlmaLaurea data. Social Indicators Research, 137 , 999 - 1032 .

De Schepper, A., Clycq, N., & Kyndt, E. ( 2023 ). Socioeconomic differences in the transition from higher education to the labour market: A systematic review.

Erdsiek, D. ( 2016 ). Overqualification of graduates: assessing the role of family background. Journal for Labour Market Research, 49 ( 3 ), 253 - 268 .

INE ( 2020 ). Survey of Employment of university graduates EILU- 2019 Methodology of Recovered. https :// www.ine.es/daco/daco 42 /eilu/metodologia _ 2019 .pdf.