Naturally, everything connected with the knowledge of the labour market is the subject of greater interest. The work is the foundation For the generation of wealth and in the vast majority of cases is the principal means of life of people. Consequently, it is of utmost concern to all the actors involved; workers, entrepreneurs, business, administration … Consequently, the most extensive and detailed information as possible its operation and development is a permanent imperative.

The picture of the statistics of the labour market in Spain is broad and diverse. Reflects the organization of our country and coverage of different information needs. In the inventory of statistical operations (IOE) can be found a complete listing that correspond to the ‘ sub-item labour market ’.
These include, for its cyclical, for his great coverage of the population, and having as main unit of study, the active population survey (EPA), the statistics of Social security (AFI) and the statistics of the Movimiento Laboral Registrado. (MLR).

Together, these three sources of information will be more extensive analysis carried out a moment of the labour market. On the one hand, the EPA, quarterly, shows a complete picture of the population living in households classified according to their enabling activity in territories, unemployed and inactive in accordance with international definitions defined by the international labour organization (ILO).

Furthermore, the exploitation of the statistics mentioned administrative records, monthly, studying the evolution of monthly social insurance (SS), and job seekers and their various groupings that determine the status of registered unemployed. Although both non-strictly followed the ilo definitions, are important as economic indicators of the evolution of the labour market. Other operations related statistics, which is not part of the sub-item ‘ labour market ’ of the IOE, but that are vital to the link with the labour market, are related to the receipt of benefits, in particular, for its monthly basis, the statistics of pensions and benefits. ¹

While the EPA provides important information for analysis of labour market as the rates of employment, unemployment and classification of població ² ; n 2 according to its relationship with the activity, this operation has the inherent limitations of every product based on a statistical survey. We must always take into account sampling errors in the estimates. It is difficult to provide a breakdown territorial and/or specific population groups, for which the sample size does not provide estimates with quality. We Are Facing increasing difficulties in obtaining information to homes, etc. Moreover, because of its quarterly basis, its power in the economic analysis is reduced to the study of the quarterly and annual variations.

In contrast, the statistics of participation, of the labour movement registered and benefits, have a monthly basis, which makes it possible to analyse the economic situation with greater frequency and timeliness, as they have results in the first days of the month following the referrer. However, are strongly affected by policy changes relating to administrative registers used. By its very nature of administrative source, cannot capture accurately labour concepts defined by ilo (although in some cases the correlation can be very big). Finally, since, statistics of participation, only focuses on participants, and the labour movement of registered, of job-seekers, and statistics of allowances for persons receiving the same, at no time there is an integrated picture of the population as a whole. For example, there are no indicators as a rate of admission or proportion of plaintiffs in the total population, for example.

Finally, in the area of recorded occupation it is important to point out that, in Spain, in addition to the members of the national insurance scheme, there are other workers who are missing from this source as mutual staff mutual insurance (MUFACE, MUJEGU, ISFAS), and of mutual social insurance regime of alternatives to self-employed (RETA) of the Social security.

Thus, despite the diversity of information available, and the power of the sources described above, there are still needs to be filled. In these circumstances, the idea of a statistical operation that combines the best of each source, offering a more complete and updated version of the labour market.

The ERADA is operation statistic which seeks to combine the advantages of the administrative statistics of participation, applications for employment and prestaciones. to integrate the information provided by each in its common substrate Inhabitant of spain.

Moreover, in the process of creation of variables is inspired by the ILO methodology, as far as possible. this way, the ERADA constitutes a kind of methodological bridge with information that will complement both the EPA, as administrative sources and that constitute, with a monthly basis, and more detail thanks to dispose of the comprehensive information from administrative registers for it to eat.

The ERADA is, therefore, a new operation statistics and census vocation monthly, whose conceptual basis is inspired by the ILO definitions, which serves to supplement the already rich ecosystem of statistical information on the labour market through integrating information from sources monthly administrative existing in spain.

The sources of information that uses the ERADA are as follows:
• municipal registers inhabitants (persons with registration padronal in force)
• affiliation of workers of TGSS (workers enrolled in high)
• Movimiento Laboral Registrado. (job seekers of the SEPE)
• contributory pensions and benefits the INSS (persons receiving provision)
• mutual MUFACE, MUGEJU e ISFAS (persons affiliated to these specific quotation)
• annual information from population censuses

The following diagram illustrates how to connect and integrate into the set in the development of the ERADA.

In recent years there has been the convergence of advances in methodological, technological and to conceive of development of an operation such as ERADA effectively

There is a long tradition of the statistical use of administrative data in europe, of the one hand, the european regulation 223 / 2019 empowers and recommends the use of administrative sources for the development of statistics. The revision of the law 12 / 1989 , 9 may, of the Public Statistics ³ strengthens the role of official statistics in the public sphere, adapting it to european regulation, and enable INE in the national statistical system to collect information from administrative sources that are part of the National Statistical Plan.

Our country has administrative sources of information in good quality. In particular the voter registration is a widely used as a source of data on demographic statistics. In particular, has been crucial in the latest census of population and housing units in which it has ignored altogether from the information from collection of direct information from the homes, and has used the information of the skeleton padronal as to obtain figures on population census and the main demographic variables. Spain with conducting the census 2021 has embarked on a select club of countries get the information of the census from administrative records and to the annual census results.

The continuous roll allows us to have a database of up-to-date and reliable population to be subjected, for example, periodic verification procedures of the residence of the foreign population. In Addition, it allows us to avoid duplication and have more detail by improving territorial consistency and accuracy of the population statistics based on the electoral roll. Thanks to the work as coordinator of the INE, information of the more than eight thousand municipal standards is subjected to cleanup procedures, regular review and validation, giving you a higher quality as input in the development of official statistics. In Addition, various future projects such as the ‘ online ’ will further improve the quality of these data.

Both the ERADA operation that will provide a statistical infrastructure and population base on the labour market from administrative sources (project 8 ), as the introduction of online (project 9 ) are part of the 10 draft strategy transformers INE 2023 that may be accessed at: https :// www.ine.es/dyngs/INE/en/index.htm? cid = 1323

As regards the sources of employment, the tradition of monthly statistical production is comprehensive and consolidated files remain available for statistical use

Finally, after years of experience in linking individual information from various sources of statistics, the algorithm of individual information, a key element to be able to address a statistical operation that exhaustive information sources is available and has been shown to work.

In particular, within the scope of the labour statistics, obtaining the variable wages in EPA is carried out by exploiting information and sources of SS. The statistics of labour market and disability are produced through incorporation into different sources (EPA, Eea, VLPD) of the BBDD of disability and the INSS.

Finally, as already mentioned the censuses in Spain are developed with a yearly basis from link information available administrative sources (Padrón, TGSS SEPE, health, labour, mutual societies, etc.)

As a result, begins to seem like a real possibility to integrate all sources on a monthly basis. 2023 begin exploratory contacts with the various units involved, to go clearing the ground at the end of. 2024 includes ERADA in the annual programme 2025 as the statistical operation project. Over 2024 are implementing, the methodological aspects and practical to bring this ambitious operation, with the aim of providing initial results in the summer of 2025 .

All these processes of integration of massive files require an enormous amount of planning, coordination, storage and processing capacity. All this has been possible to put it into operation through cooperation and involvement of the owners of the administrative sources. These are lines for reflection of the fundamental role of the institutions that provide information for the ERADA.

With an overview of sources and the relevance of the time already established, we turn now to disaggregate some major methodological features of ERADA.

As already discussed, ERADA is based on the information sources padronal administrative monthly availability TGSS, SEPE, INSS and the information received annually mutual societies of staff (MUFACE, MUJEGU e ISFAS) is carried out a link deterministic using personal data so that, for each person a day enumerated 1 the reference month we will have all the information available registry. Once made the link anonimizan records so that throughout the process of compilation of statistics is no longer available on the personal data.
Except for information from staff mutual insurance companies, the rest for information using the ERADA has a monthly basis.

The ERADA is intended primarily as a source of analysis of the economy and the timeliness of the operation is essential.

Labour files (membership, the demands of employment and insurance) are received within ten days after the end of the reference month. The file padronal updated with the burden of exchange reference month as of the first day of the month following (in process), incorporates each of the files labour population file. It is estimated the situation in each of the week of the month of reference, integrates all information available in only one file.

The publication of correlation tables ERADA results are expected to around day 20 the month following the data. Annually, depending on the availability of information, will integrate the files of staff mutual insurance companies.

But in addition to the timeliness of results ERADA granularity, that it is possible to reach from this operation is greatest, given the comprehensive nature of the sources of game. For the first time be available employment indicators at the municipal level, for example, without limitation arising from the sample available on a domain, as in EPA. The only limitations on the unbundling of ERADA shall be those necessary to ensure the confidentiality d them data.

4 . 1 The person as a unit of observation and the time reference data.

The Scope of the ERADA consists of the population resident in spain, on the understanding as a resident population, the population is padronal. That is, in the ERADA the main unit of the study is the person who is taxed. This allows us to be a complete framework of the entire population of study, which will be added the employment characteristics.

This approach is entirely novel between labour statistics already based on records that are traditionally produced statistics based on exploitation of a source, namely, that the unit of observation statistics, concepts and classifications so far have been under administrative own file. Thus, in the case of statistics of Social security, we need labour relations, in the Social security pension, INSS contributory benefits, in the labour movement of registered job seekers, etc.

The ERADA, therefore, is to move from the employment relationship to the worker registered, the pension to pensioners, of a coherent and consistent way through the link of these sources with the framework of the population.

In this way we will have integrated information for each person. It will be possible to determine their relationship with each of these sources registration and analysing their characteristics as a whole. The ERADA can respond to questions like, How Many persons are registered, in turn any pension or benefit? or What is the percentage of people who are demanding jobs or high employment and receive any pension?.

4 . 2 The concept of territory.

The ERADA takes as its reference methodological ILO guidelines. This is the case for two fundamental reasons. On the one hand, this decision contributes to a better comparison with what is perhaps the most emblematic in Spain with regard to the labour market: the EPA. On the other, this sits well with the economic analysis in a labour market such as ours, where the situation in respect of economic activity is subject to frequent changes in the short-term plan for a significant portion of the population.

The concept of territory registered is the piece that links the notions of territory of the ilo, the affiliate of the Security Council (or equivalentemente scheme if any). For determination has been vital work of conciliation microdato level of the EPA and the Social security that were made to uncover the doubts about the discrepancies in the numbers of territories and affiliates. From this work identified had characteristics participants correspond to be held in the EPA. this way, for example, it was concluded that the persons who had Only an employment relationship with special general agrarian inactivity (regime 163 ), had a very high probability of not being occupied, and therefore, this group has not been included in the concept of territory registered ERADA.

In the report of reconciling employment micro (link INEBASE) detailed the following table is seen through the territories of the EPA with affiliations of work according to statistics of average affiliation to Social security, the percentage was crossing 89 , 53 per cent.

In analysing the discrepancies were concluded that it was totally incomprehensible that there was a major part of public sector employees not found, nor of the self-employed of professions (since they have option to join social clubs in alternatives to RETA), nor those territories that they work abroad. So we come to an adequate standard of coherence between the territories with the affiliation of 94 , 73 per cent.

4 . 3 Determination of the primary working relationship in the reference week.

Among the different approaches to this phenomenon of multiple working relations that may have a person in a given period, in the ERADA has chosen to stick to the period of reference of the week, as a unit of time, in line with the methodology used in the ILO of the surveys of the labour force and, in particular, EPA.

Therefore, be traced or not the existence of a number of labour relations (situations in high in affiliation or other supplementary sources) in the reference week. This approach differs from the definition used in membership, which requires simultaneous labour relations at least one day, either within a single regime (moonlighting) and in different regimes (multiple skilling).

We believe that this decision reinforces the ERADA conceived as statistical operation ‘ bridge ’ between the administrative sources, which takes the information, and the EPA, according to Ilo. This approach facilitates the analysis by strengthening the role of the person as an object of information that can hold one or more labour relations.

In return, to facilitate the exploitation of the statistical results, and in line with the requirements of ILO, it is necessary to select the main working relationship in the reference week. To that end, the criteria recommended by the International labour organization establish as principal that employment, which bears the highest income or bearing the greatest working time. In EPA these criteria are tamizan through the perception of persons informants.
In the case of ERADA we began to see the limitations of the information available in the administrative files used. In the monthly membership files we have no information on the basis of contributions or working time, so that the determination of the primary working relationship has been established by the selection of this relationship with the largest number of days in high during the week and in the event of a tie, prioritizing employment regimes on the self-employed and the general regime on the other. ⁵

4 . 4 The definition of ‘ off ’ and the ILO administrative sources.

The conditions that a person must meet to be classified as stop according to the definitions of the international labour organization there are three.
Firstly, we have worked in the reference week (not even one hour; this condition has been transformed in the absence of ERADA as labour high throughout the week).

The second condition is to seek employment in a recent period (four weeks prior to the reference week). This search must be ‘ active ’ and lists the search methods are considered as such: (include relation of the last resolution ILO/regulation of Eurostat 2021 ).

Finally, there is the basis of availability, by which the person must be available to join a job, if approached in a short period of time (in the two weeks after the end of the reference week).

The first condition (not having worked) is easily translatable to non-registration of participation in high, as has already been mentioned.
As the active job search can be done without having links with public employment services, the status of actively seeking approximate can only be partially, through the rows of plaintiffs of the SEPE.
And, finally, the status of availability is impossible to make under administrative records available.

Thus, it is impossible to get closer to the ILO definition stopped on the basis of information from administrative sources. An objective element that is available in the records which allows us to and in relation to the link with the labour market of the person is the perception of pension or assimilated.

To try to look for an alternative way to situations of ‘ supply of labour force ’ from administrative sources, we raised the approximation of tabular those ‘ unoccupied according to the records ’ under since its Last employment relationship in high and the time of its demand for employment, as well as the reception or otherwise of any type of pension or allowance.

All these segments will be reviewed periodically by comparing the replies provided in EPA respondents.

The difficulty of determining stopped (and therefore ‘ active ’) according to the methodology in the ILO ERADA leads naturally to take an eminent person's position on the high in the reference week and their ‘ entries ’ and ‘ exits ’ of that situation. It Is on the follow-up to these populations which special attention will be given initially in the ERADA.

4 . 5 The Area of observation and content of the ERADA

Before proceeding towards the end of this article, it is advisable to reflection on the nature of the ERADA as operation based on administrative registrations.
Precisely because of its very nature, is not visible ERADA any situation which is not reflected in the records. For example, if a person resident in spain has not had any employment relationship during their lifetime, has not received a pension or benefit is not as a jobseeker in the SEPE, that person will only be available the information of your registration padronal.

Moreover, it may be the opposite applies in the present labour administrative files for various reasons could not connect with the padronales files.

This group of non-linked may contain:
• population ‘ non-resident ’. People who work or call for employment in Spain, but are not taxed, because they actually reside in our country.
• Persons who are resident but whose identifiers in one and another file are different and do not permit the link
• a “ closes ” of people who are ‘ residents ’ but whose registration padronal is the exact moment in the crossing point for various reasons.
These situations are a priori indistinguishable and result in a small percentage of the population present in administrative labour files in a specific moment will not be included in the area of the ERADA later that month.

The content of the ERADA is derived from information from administrative sources. In particular, includes demographic variables of Padrón and information derived from events that each source of employment.

The ERADA, although may be enriched by additional information became available as (information based on records concerning composition of the household, education, occupation, specific information for foreigners as the year of arrival, information on places of residence, etc.), in no case be able to achieve the wealth of information obtained from the survey questionnaire designed for specific topics. For example, working time in EPA, the ongoing studies, the reasons for part-time work or not to seek a job or wish, are examples of variables that are part of the universe of inquiry of the surveys, and not from administrative sources.

In the same way as sample surveys have problems inherent in their nature (non-response framework, errors, etc.), the obverse in ERADA is that what is not in the administrative sources is not detected, for construction.
And at this point, which lays out the importance of the analysis of coherence between the various sources of statistical information couple achieve more detailed knowledge of the labour market. We Will Describe below several examples.

In addition to its innovations in the process of collecting and link data, ERADA offers the possibility of comparing and contrasting with the traditional statistics.

Obviously, for its architecture, the comparison of results ERADA with the main aggregates of the administrative sources which feeds, will contribute to a better understanding of the labour market as a whole.

Comparison with the administrative sources for information on simultaneous situations from one person in different rows (for example, recipient of delivery and affiliate in high, or a jobseeker).

Other compared with the EPA, we will get Indices of consistency between the situation of the person in the records of the social and derived from the survey responses. We already have experience in the observation that is not the same status in the records of a person and the responses to the situation on the same person. This has not always have to involve. Simply deliberate concealment, often, the person ‘ believes ’ that is in a situation that does not correspond with which it appears in the records. A clear example, as contrasted, is that the situation of the high demand for employment, the SEPE cannot modify by observing a high in admission of short duration that goes unnoticed by the person affected, when asked by their status to that demand ⁶ .

The comparison of different sources of information allows a better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each of them and generate information of the richest in each source considered in isolation. In the following point there are two significant examples.

5 . 1 SWORD vs. EPA. An approximation to the ‘ informal employment ’ Contractors CISO- dependent. 2018

In the last international conference of labour statisticians ( 21 ª CIET) held in geneva in october 2023 it adopted a resolution on the definition of the informal economy. ⁷

In that resolution provides: For statistical purposes, the concept of ‘ informal productive activities ” is defined as all productive activities undertaken by people or economic units, under the laws or practice, are not covered by formal systems.

Naturally, the comparison of information obtained in EPA with ERADA, which brings together the information of the main administrative sources, will offer a solid base that will be monitoring the ‘ informal ’ occupation considering those cases in which we find that a person is employed in EPA, but does not appear as territory on the high.

Another example of combined analysis ERADA and EPA would be the characterization of the so-called ‘ dependent contractors ’. This is a form of the classification of the situation in employment (CISE- 2018 ) ⁸ that applies to those workers who take the risk of its activities as a self-employed workers and yet lack the autonomy of decision independent workers, labour and de facto ‘ ’ similar to that of employees. Indeed, the analysis of wage earners EPA, contrast starkly with the regime of contribution noted from ERADA allows quantitative approach.

The ERADA is called upon to form an essential component of a labour market information system that integrates the administrative information on available sources and that, contrast starkly with the information of the sample statistical sources, will have a more detailed look at all levels.

We have already mentioned the possibility of going to incorporate information from other areas are many: information, education, specific information for foreigners (years of arrival, places of residence), etc.

The dissemination of information and a monthly annual cdw iran extending over time, including the availability of anonymized microdata for study.
We will also have the possibility of obtaining indicators census section, as well as a geo-information based on Lists.

In combination with the EPA, apart from strengthening its own survey customary role of the fundamental source of the labour market, it will be able to obtain indicators as tools of contrast to the respective areas of people covered in the administrative sources used. The EPA would work in this case as operation ‘ auditor ’ of the quality of administrative sources ERADA officers, according to the latest developments methodological ⁹ .

Also in combination with the EPA and through small Areas, the nature of the census ERADA provide a procedure to overcome the limitations of building estimates EPA, beyond the areas identified in the design of the survey. In particular, the use of comprehensive data of ERADA in combination with the sample EPA will provide estimates of unemployment to a more detailed territorial level or specific population groups, for which these practices have so far not been possible ¹⁰ .

In conclusion, once implemented in the system of labour statistics, the ERADA column will be a teacher to other transactions, incorporating fundamental information on the labour market in the design of new operations and improvement of existing ones, making it more efficient the designs sample operations addressed to the population.

In the near future, we will have a new operation monthly statistics and census character that integrates administrative sources of information with a monthly data INE population.

The availability of indicators monthly employment to a level of detail is much wider than before possible will represent a turning point in the availability of statistical information for the follow-up to policy and labour juncture at many levels.

The conceptual inspiration ERADA in the ilo definitions of this operation is a methodological bridge between the basic administrative sources and the EPA, source of information internationally comparable and emblematic for key indicators.

The comparison of results ERADA with other sources of information will help to broaden the perspective of our knowledge of the labour market and the quality and particularities of different sources of information.

https :// www.mintur.gob.es/Publications/Publicacionesperiodicas/EconomiaIndustrial/RevistaEconomiaIndustrial/ 423 /ALFREDO% 20 CHRIST% CC% 81 BAL.pdf

https :// www.researchgate.net/publication/ 378320049 _ Audit _ sampling _ as _ to _ quality _ standard _ for _ multisource _ official _ statistics

Resolution ILO on informal economy: https :// www.ilo.org/en/resource/resolucion-sobre-las-estadisticas-de-la-economia-informal

Resolution ilo International Classification of status in employment (ICSE 2018 ): https :// ilostat.ilo.org/en/methods/concepts-and-definitions/classification-status-at-work/

INE strategy 2023 : https :// www.ine.es/dyngs/INE/en/index.htm? cid = 1323