La oferta de servicios dirigida a los empleadores depende del buen funcionamiento de los Servicios Públicos de Empleo

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The range of services aimed at employers depends on the proper functioning of public employment services

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May-2025

Balancing supply and demand and correct structural imbalances and market friccionales is the objective of the public employment services. Its effectiveness is key to reducing the long-term unemployed and facilitate the recruitment, especially in smes (small and medium-sized enterprises). As we have explained Antonio Gonzálezin the current context of our country, with low unemployment, high labour mobility and strong territorial duality, its role is even more crucial. However, Is more limited funding for these services in comparison with other european countries, both in expenditure relating to the GDP and high unemployment. There is a low brokering by the institutions and companies do not resort to public services to fill vacancies, which also distances for unemployed persons. The basis of these services should be the guidance, with personalised support in your itinerary and employers, in addition to providing them with the mediation process, also focus its focus on providing support for the enterprise.

Empleada pública atendiendo en un mostrador a 2 personas

Antonio González González Vicepresidente de Economistas Frente a la Crisis (EFC)

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1 . The functions of services for employment

Services for employment, in so-called international terminology, (or “ by ”) labour market are – cannot start with those for finally take of the labour market to the proper functioning of labour supply and demand, the resolution of problems which lead to structural imbalances between the two, and the provision of institutional tools that will contribute to meeting the sellers and plaintiffs and thus lead to the satisfaction of the employment needs of companies and workers.

This is obviously a complex task, firstly, the dimensions of the labour market, the largest in the economy. But, also for your complex features: align as possible the needs of supply and demand for work throughout the productive fabric, taking into account further the job seekers, not an easy task, and requires the provision of institutions and tools that allow wide-ranging adjustment of the most effective way.

To that end, these services to the management of employment and labour market must be, for its proper functioning, closely linked and articulated.

The two key functions are to be met, on the one hand, solve the problem of mismatches between labour supply and demand that causes high levels of structural unemployment, which were reflected in the existence in the long key long-term unemployed who are not reduced proportionally even in contexts such as the current of strong and sustained job creation. This is, therefore, on the scale of competences and/or geographical between supply and demand for labor, between the characteristics, needs and profiles of jobs, and the productive system in general, and the qualifications and skills of unemployed persons.

On the other hand, the second function essential services for employment is to reduce the costs of recruitment of enterprises, particularly onerous for small businesses, as well as the time required for the annulment of the needs of companies in the process of coverage of jobs with unemployed persons who are actively searching for those jobs and have the skills and competencies to fill them.

This second gap, which is called friccional unemploymentit is important, because less efficient, effective and efficient are the functions of brokering to be carried out by the employment services, whether public or private.

In a labour market such as the spanish government, whose size is significant both in terms of large numbers of the workforce and unemployed, and the number of companies, both imbalances are, in the absence of effective employment services, particularly important. Causing costs both economic and social affairs very high.

Employment services and labour market should address, or be geared, an ideal model for which there are clear references in existing systems in a number of countries of our european area. If in its genesis and its development has not been so, as happens in Spain, this has had and has a series of repercussions they entail, finally, various types of problems, among which some of the most important have been and remain as follows:

a. An overall underdevelopment of the labour market
(b. The mere existence of essential services such as for undertakings
c. The lack of overall effectiveness of the employment policies

2 . The work of the employment services is more important in the new context

The economic and social costs linked to structural unemployment and friccional, in turn, tend to grow when there are three main particularly present in the spanish labour market at this time.

Firstly, the decline in overall unemployment rates, already very close to ten percent. The context and the situation, therefore, does not appear to be wholly periods in which more than twice as high unemployment figures.

Second, the increase in important geographical duality and the territorial differences in the labour market: eleven of the seventeen NATIONAL already registered unemployment rate to less than nine percent (and three of them below 8 per cent), similar to the european average and the level you can be estimated of full employment, while the other six that have prevalence rates above the national average are forthcoming or exceed, in some cases by far the twelve points. Stressing in this negative aspect Andalucía ( 15 , 8 per cent) and Extremadura ( 15 , 3 %).

And third, high mobility and rotation in the labour market. The combination of this new context of declining rates of unemployment, which involves a significant increase in the opportunity to find alternative employment more satisfactory for many people, with the new landscape after increasing the stability and safety at work caused by the last labour reform, has increased voluntary mobility of people and their interest in finding new employment conditions. The business world, the other hand, are being forced to meet more frequently jobs belong to their structural and stable templates. And also to the change that is the difficulty for posts in the temporary work, seasonal or intermittent.

In short, times have changed in the spanish labour market, and even some imprevistos- will do more. And in this new context, although in some ways might seem paradoxical for improving the situation, the fact is that the reduction of unemployment and volumes are increasing the importance for companies and workers to dispose of services for employment functioning effectively.

3 . The employment services in Spain in the european context

The limitation of available statistical information, whose source is the database of the european commission (European Commission. Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion:) it does not allow a comprehensive study and profound as desirable, largely because the information provided by many countries is incomplete in terms of time and insufficiently homogeneous in terms of method.

The source of the database of policies of the labour market are the stated figures by individual countries while subject to common definitions established by the european commission, is provided under the responsibility of individual member states, without the commission to analyse or verify materially the adjustment of the same and representation of real situations.

These problems are much greater in the case of the services market in the work of the classification tipológica of employment programmes. Moreover, in the case of services is notably asymmetry between the figures available for expenditure, and relatively abundant upgraded to a large number of countries, and by people involved, which are rare, outdated in many cases and with poor safety homogeneous.

Despite all these difficulties, it is necessary to make an effort to make a comparison to some conclusions in both from the data available as of the lack of these.

For the purposes of the same, are presented below a set of core indicators related to labour market for a set of selected countries.

In this respect, have been considered, on the one hand, countries that have a greater consistency in their labour models with english, which correspond to the western Area of the eu, and, on the other hand, are those who have employment policies which, although different from each other, are widely regarded as the most effective in the european context. It also shows the data for the averages of the 27 member states and of the euro zone.

The exercise of comparison starts on the side of the effort of expenditure made with regard to the potential and capabilities of their national economies and their needs in terms of unemployment rates.

In the expenditure made with regard to the relative economic capabilities, the graph 1 has the resources allocated to labour market in relation to gdp of each country.

The results show, as expected, those countries that are considered to have systems with the policies of greater efficiency in the management of their labour markets (sweden, denmark, germany, france, belgium) aside a higher proportion on their economic capacities to the resources used in the employment services.

It is important that these countries use these services are a proportion of expenditure (with regard to their economic capacities by the GDP) that surpasses our between 25 and 100 %. In particular, the first three countries (Sweden, denmark and germany) double declared income by spain.

Figure 1 . Resources for the services of the labour market, in relation to gdp of each country.

Fuente: European Commission - Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (DG EMPL), y elaboración propia.

Despite the relevance of this first comparison of expenditure, the same is incomplete to reflect the efforts and options for developing countries without taking account of that expenditure should be based not only with the capacity of each but with a second fundamental dimension. Was, of course, to the needs resulting from differences in the amount of employment and unemployment in each of them.

Figure 2 he ponders data earlier spending and gdp by the unemployment rate to individual countries.

In making this corrigendum the data vary considerably. Changes, firstly, on the order of some countries. Secondly, the expenditure made by some of them (in general, with unemployment rate lower) its intensity increases. And thirdly, in the case of spain to table an unemployment rate much higher than the set of countries under consideration, on his effort of expenditure is greatly reduced.

As a result, are now nine countries under consideration in the spending and gdp-weighted -aproximadas needs by paro- exceeds that of Spain. In addition, the proportion of expenditure that these are far exceeds that of the spanish.

Figure 2 . Resources for the services of the labour market, in relation to gdp of each country, and on the Level of unemployment.

Source: European Commission - Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (DG LSM), Eurostat to the rate of unemployment, and produced by themselves.

Indeed, germany multiplied to spain with respect to gdp, for each of its rate of unemployment, seven times; Denmark in six times more; Austria, sweden, netherlands, belgium and france, between three and four times the expenditure made in Spain; the expenditure of finland is a 60 % higher, and that of Portugal, close to a 20 per cent.

Half of the 27 member states and the euro area show that expenditure weights on the services are in the european union and the subset of the euro countries nearly to triple the conceived in our country.

In short, the resources it dedicates Spain to the labour market are very scarce, which clearly indicated that they are in a state of underdevelopment on what the other countries deemed necessary. This is an aspect which is of great importance when analysing the range of services to companies and unemployed and territories of the public services in Spain.

Together these two items, spending a third aspect to assess the role played by Spain in the labour market and put it in context in the area of the other countries of our environment is the comparison referring to persons participating in those services.

At this point, the limitations of available information provided by the same source union are much higher than in the case of expenditure. The lack of information has its origin in the countries that do not facilitate or do not for too many years, which results in that it is very outdated and the comparison is very incomplete and poorly relevant.

In the figure below provides a comparison available, indicating the time periods that are available in the database of the european commission.

Figure 3 . Participants in the market services, in proportion of persons seeking employment.

Fuente: European Commission - Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (DG EMPL), y elaboración propia.

As can be seen, the disparity of periods for which there is information makes comparison with Spain has a limited validity. However, it must be noted that in most countries considered the information reaches up to the exercises 2022 - 2023 with the exception of denmark, greece, italy and, of course, spain. For Portugal, there is no information to any one year for the period.

It is precisely the lack of such data for spain since 2014 the most relevant aspects. Especially when (as shown above) it provides an update on the expenditure made in the labour market in relation to gdp.

One reason why it has not provided any updates for spain to the european commission with regard to the people involved relates to the fact that this was territorially incomplete.

In any case, taking into account the comparison made in terms of expenditure, both in percentage of gdp as the unemployment rates, it is possible to take it that the data of participants in Spain very probably have not improved substantially offered for the period 2005 - 2014 .

In this regard, it might be assumed that the comparison would indicate orders of magnitude quite illustrative (and consistent with the expenditure) of the rates of participants in the services.

If so, that could be interpreted as two phenomena that can occur simultaneously. On the one hand, the limited quantity of services for employment in Spain both in terms of expenditure as of persons who have offer such services. This seems to be the most coherent and plausible.

On the other, the intensity different in each country of the services provided to each participant. A simple calculation of the two dimensions, expenditure and joint participants, to note that, indeed, this phenomenon could explain in part the disparities in rates of expenditure and of participants. For example, could explain how countries such as Italy or Finland spend proportionally more for every person who participates in services, while france, belgium, holland and Sweden provided some extended (many participants) in connection with the spending.

In any case, this would not the case of Spain, where little improvement in the ranking of expenditure per participant. In short, the situation of the spanish labour market would be as follows: low levels of spending about our qualifications (GDP) and to our needs (Unemployment rate), low level of participants (per 100 persons seeking employment), and low levels of intensity of these services (expenditure under per participant).

4 . The business services are an essential part of or to the labour market

All this seems to be behind the low rate of institutional or institutionalized brokering services (both public and private) in search of employment.

Figure 4 . Proportion of unemployed persons seeking employment, by the method used to this quest (rate of institutionalized brokering).

Source: Eurostat, Survey of forces in the eu, and produced by themselves.

The chart above are edifying. Spain is among the countries considered that the penultimate reduced utilization by unemployed persons of institutional labour intermediation, both through public employment services and private Employment. And alternatively, one of the countries in the most often used alternative methods of job search of the various institutional, and more or less informal, as the direct contact with business, the consultation in the media, etc., but always involve a single search.

The reasons for this have to do, above all, with the low efficiency with which they perceived both by persons seeking employment as by the companies, the operation of these institutional-brokering systems.

Companies just go to public services and employment agencies to fill their vacancies. And therefore persons seeking employment have rightly pointed out that such vacancies only part of the circuit that would enable them to find jobs they seek.

This in turn is linked to the fact that the lack of sufficient labour market (as evidenced in the previous comparisons), in particular the counselling services, makes public employment services do not have an adequate and up-to-date data to indicate in detail the professional skills and specific characteristics of unemployed persons, which is aggravated by, on the one hand, in a context in which structural unemployment (caused by the mismatch oferta-demanda of these skills) is very high, and on the other, by the high turnover in the spanish labour market.

If companies do not usually receive suitable candidates to fill their vacancies opt – in the same way that people seeking employment - to go to other forms outside enterprise systems.

In addition, the data in figure, which notes simultaneity in spain between the low utilization in the search of jobs by means of public services and Private agencies, seem to demonstrate that the latter also fail to more than a low level of brokering because we do depend in large part of appropriate information of the unemployed persons who should receive the first. Both Private and public services, then, are closely linked and are, for the effective functioning of the same integrated system.

5 . In conclusion

The services for undertakings are, therefore, the package of services to the labour market. The constraints on development and functioning of these in turn, as explained above, the difficulties and shortcomings not only for unemployed persons but also to businesses and for the whole of the productive system.

This is not simply a collaboration público-privada, it is more than that: it is a unit. The services to employers can only reach adequate levels of development effectiveness, and even provided by Private agencies, if you are not conducted in public employment services the set of services to the labour market.

It has also been explained, and we have taken a series of clear evidence of this, that services for the labour market should operate, to address the problems of structural unemployment and friccional, in an integrated and coordinated.

If the basis of these services, community service, there is a sufficient and effective for most people unemployed ocupadas- – and all other, which depend on this, nor will be properly and to provide services to employers.

Nor will be determined, will define and properly designed employment programmes and training, nor will be adjusted and allocated efficiently to those in need.

And, once again, let us remember the essential content of the counselling service for:

diagnosis and preparation of the profile of the unemployed person,
design of individual and personal itinerary of employment,
accompagnement personnalisé in the development of the itinerary and the fulfilment of the commitment of activity,
advice and technical support for the definition of the curriculum and to the application of techniques for the active pursuit of employment,
additional information and advice on the situation of the labour market, active employment policies and common services and complementary to the portfolio and on to educational opportunities and programmes,
and support for the management of labour mobility.

These essential functions unfortunately there are hardly in Spain for the vast majority of unemployed persons. The rest of the services that comprise the portfolio of the common Public employment services cannot therefore be provided. The programmes that necessarily depend on these services are not adequately defined and cannot be assigned to people who need it. The system is inconsistent. And people in search of employment (and improvement of their professional skills) and the needs of employers are left without adequate response.

Finally, the services to employers did not exhaust themselves in the intermediation processes. Another set of policies, such as endangered, entrepreneurship, and its corresponding actions, would also rely for their private and public provision of the functioning of basic services to the labour market.

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A evolução do mercado de trabalho em portugal no contexto europeu

Nov-2024

O mercado de trabalho português evoluiu positivamente ao longo da última década, com melhorias no emprego e nas qualificações educativas, embora ainda enfrente desafios na integração laboral de determinados grupos. É o que diagnosticam Alexandra Moreira e Teresa Pina que salientam que, desde 2017, Portugal tem registado um crescimento demográfico graças a um saldo migratório positivo, aumentando a sua população activa e ultrapassando a média da UE em actividade desde 2016. A nível educacional, o país tem reduzido a proporção de pessoas com baixa escolaridade, conseguindo um aumento nos níveis secundário e superior, aproximando-se da média europeia. O emprego apresentou uma tendência crescente, com taxas superiores às da UE, exceto em 2020 devido à pandemia, enquanto o desemprego diminuiu, embora o desemprego jovem se mantenha elevado e a taxa de longo prazo se mantenha estável. No entanto, persistem desafios como a subutilização do trabalho e a integração dos jovens no mercado de trabalho.
Changes in the occupational distribution of workers in spain: lessons to the challenges of artificial intelligence (ia)

May-2025

Occupational developments of the spanish labour market since 1993 offers some useful lessons to anticipate the effects of the eruption of artificial intelligence. So reads Vincent Chambers, which examines how changes in technology and economic crises have transformed the occupational structure in Spain, and raises scenarios and challenges to the advancement of IA. Identifies a sustained loss of employment in occupations qualification direct media-alta — especially in production and industry — in favour of more qualified indirect jobs, professionals and managers. Spain boasts a low proportion of occupations STEM and at senior management level in relation to other european countries, at a disadvantage vis-à-vis the emerging technological transformation. Comparing with other eu countries, Spain has shown an increase in the highly skilled occupations indirect (managers and professionals), with particularly low levels in STEM and icts Chambers concludes that the impact of the IA be broad, but not immediately. In the short term, will enhance knowledge workers rather than replace them, increasing the demand for analytical skills, creative and strategic. Accordingly, it was imperative to strengthen the skills and STEM, retraining and the promotion of business leadership positions. Without these measures, spain risks aggravating their structural deficits in skills and technological adaptation.
- inteligencia artificial
- mercado de trabajo
The challenge of migration and its impact on the labour market

May-2025

Migration is one of the major challenges and opportunities of Spain with profound implications in demographic and labour market. María Soledad Serrano reflection on the structural impact of migratory flows in the economic sustainability, social cohesion and public policy, noting that the inflows are making up the ageing population, remain the key to sustaining the growth and job creation. However, this phenomenon also poses challenges such as access to housing, employment and social cohesion. It also highlights that, although immigrants improve their integration with the time, there remain disadvantaged in employment, qualification and wages, so that we need to strengthen the active employment policies, the recognition of diplomas and professionalization of the care sector. In turn alert on the challenges of irregular migration, the protection of unaccompanied minors and the rise of xenophobic discourse and concluded for a comprehensive migration policy, open and shared with national and european dimension.
21 . training, qualification and social inclusion: the management of personnel in enterprises

May-2025

TRAINING, QUALIFICATION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION: THE MANAGEMENT OF PERSONNEL IN ENTERPRISES
- mercado de trabajo
- economiasocial
11 . mismatches between training and employment in the spanish labour market: evidence of the survey of the programme pice ( 2017 – 2025 ) of the spanish chamber of commerce

May-2025

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- desajuste educativo
- mercado de trabajo
The "great resignation" and reconfiguration of the labour markets: distribution by sector of activity, nationality and sex

May-2025

The phenomenon known as “ great Resignation ” has been widely discussed in the context and the united states, but has also shown a significant change in spain from 2014. Julián Llorent Jurado, Dolores Gómez Domínguez, M. Patrocinio Fernández Geniz y Fco. Javier Calvo Gallego presented a detailed analysis of the voluntary resignations in the General Social security system to address their distribution by nationality, sex and sectors of activity, and their correlation with vacancies and unemployment. This source reflects that the voluntary resignations have increased steadily over the last decade, with a brief exception over the years of pandemic and that there is a positive correlation with the increase in vacancies and negatively correlated with the unemployment rate, which indicates that the resignations are linked to an improvement in the labour market conditions. It could be concluded that the “ great Resignation ” in Spain is a process structural rather than cyclical, linked to factors such as quality of employment, the expectations of generations and the reconfiguration of the labour market after the pandemic. In any case, the authors point out, it is necessary to elaborate on the specific causes to better understand this transformation.
Determinants and challenges of the shortage of workers

May-2025

The increasing shortage of workers in Spain is a structural phenomenon that transcends the post-pandemia recovery. Miguel Ángel Bad analyses its root causes, its implications for the labour market and the available strategies for both enterprises and the public authorities. In this framework Identifies two dimensions of the shortage: insufficient people available quantitative and qualitative mismatch between the skills of workers and those required for the vacant posts. Among the structural factors include the digitization, demographic ageing, the ecological transition, the low fit between education and business needs, and labour market segmentation, limiting investment in training. In addition, the market power of some companies prevents wage adjustments which would attract more labour supply. Emphasizes that public policies must differentiate between increasing labour supply (activating underrepresented or facilitating collective labour migration) and to correct imbalances of power (through reskilling, 8, and certifications as microcredenciales). In this context, the strengthening of public employment services and its conversion into real agencies vacancy management is key to improving the match between supply and demand. In addition, the shortage of workers is an expression of structural changes in the labour market — not a cyclical phenomenon —, and requires long-term responses, integrated and based on social dialogue, institutional coordination, improvement of vacancy statistics and active policies focusing on skills. Spain must move towards a labour governance model capable of anticipating and managing the structural imbalance between posts and profiles.
Reforma de los subsidios por desempleo

Nov-2024

El Real Decreto-ley 2/2024, de 21 de mayo, que reforma las prestaciones por desempleo en España, representa un avance significativo hacia un sistema de protección social más equitativo, eficiente, global y adaptado a las necesidades actuales de la ciudadanía al fortalecer la conexión entre la protección asistencial y las políticas activas de empleo. Así lo indica Laura Carvajal, en el análisis de dicha reforma que incluye la ampliación de la cobertura económica para más colectivos vulnerables, el aumento de la duración y cantidad de las prestaciones, y la simplificación de los requisitos administrativos, como la eliminación del doble requisito de carencia de rentas, y el mes de espera. También introduce mejoras en la gestión, como la eliminación de la parcialidad de los contratos anteriores, la ampliación del periodo permitido para salidas al extranjero, y la actualización en la definición de la unidad familiar. Además, fomenta la coordinación entre políticas activas de empleo y subsidios, y apuesta por la digitalización mediante el uso de tecnologías avanzadas como Big Data para optimizar la gestión de las prestaciones.
- desempleo
- Subsidios