Concerning estimates and trends related to employment and the economythere are three ideas which are carried out in articles: the continuity of the good indicators of the spanish economy requires changes in current policies; the shift in the processes of globalization and the capacity of the new technologies against disruptive impacts.

With regard to the gender gapinequality in remuneration, plays a fundamental role is the reflection and other factors, employment, social and economic. This is one of the fundamental ideas appear in the various articles, that they agree that it is the result of into the labour market of social discrimination suffered by women to join the productive activity and also to factors such as gender stereotypes, segregation of the labour market, lack of shared responsibility for domestic and care together with the differences in the form of contract, part-time, seniority or remuneration. It was also pointed out that also a matter of fairness and equity, effectiveness and is not reduce it poses to misuse the talents of half of the population

ethnicity or disability, which significantly hamper their access and retention in the workforce.

Along with the actors of discrimination, the difficult integration of the immigrantsin the labour markets in host countries manifested, in the types of work characterised by the so-called 3 P (painful, dangerous, precarious). On discrimination, presents different forms and one of them relates to the Legislative field, in this regard, it analyzes the case of Chile.

Labour gaps related to the ageare reflected clearly in two communities which affected both in the process of incorporation as to remain or re-entering the labour market, these are the youthand older persons. The high unemployment ratesyouthmake a difference very relevant to the spanish labour market against europe, which is discussed in this issue together with another variable as mental healtha double gap as is the case of young people who suffer the disabilities of deafness or social origin. The latter case it manifesto that major disparities remain in the educational achievement and of youth in terms of social origin.

One of the manifestations of demographic change is the increase of workers over 50 yearswith a tendency to remain in work longer. In the european context, the case of discrimination against, working conditions, health, the composition of households, education or the new forms of work and digitization.

Theterritorialthey are looked at from two separate areas. On the one hand, in the case of Spain, the differences in the quality of employment between autonomous communities, which continue differential patterns held during the time and on the other, at european level, the disadvantages of rural areas in terms of access to employment and other services such as education, transport or health care. It is precisely in rural areas in which the demographic transitionis having consequences related to the emigration of youth, difficult generational replacement and depopulation.

En relación con formación en este número se abordan tres temas relacionados con las competencias. El European year of Competences it poses as a challenge to trigger this talent available and to continue to invest in skills upgrading in every generation is currently being analysed. new professional tasksbased on skills levels for the care of vulnerable groups, in various settings. In turn, from the university Area now being set up programmes of learning through the development of microcredenciales.

Since the public employment services are provided guaranteed servicesresponding to an approach in favour of persons and companies, focusing on vocational guidance throughout the entire working life and in training, as active policies in order to strengthen the welfare state. Within these services is guaranteed the advisory services for self-employment and entrepreneurship, especially for the collection of unemployment in the form of payment. It has assessed this measure to promote employment for its long-term impact.

In follow-up and evaluation of public policies, public statisticsis living through times of change, the potential of the data and administrative records have become an alternative to the polls. It is precisely the analysis of the administrative registers and surveys, besides the set of information related to the labour market the source Observatoire des Occupationsto help understand and explain the complexity of the labour market and to bring the citizens from different perspectives, the reality of work of our country.

In a context in which the major economies are stagnant or on the brink of recession in the spanish economy 2023 has experienced a dynamism has struck the various analysts indicate this. Carlos Ocaña and Fernando GómezinSituation and prospects of the spanish economy in 2024 . However, they note that there are also less encouraging data to be corrected and this will not be simply to give continuity to the current policies. Among the recommendations highlighted two proposed: investment, particularly investment in innovation and the stabilization of public accounts, particularly with respect to reducing the weight of public debt. It consider it necessary to address certain reforms and also take european funds.

Among the structural changes will mark the evolution of the economic cycle, Enrique BarberoinEconomic situation: “ private ” between crisisnotes the smaller population of working age and change of trend in corporate globalisation. In Addition, highlights other structural trends such as the increasing “ confrontation ” two large blocks political, economic and military and the process of some desglobalización ” or “ back to the “ regionalization ” of the economies and to a degree of protectionism.

Sergio torrejón, Ignacio gonzález and Enrique Fernández-macíasinTechnological change and employment in the digital era,after analysing how they affect the employment of the three main drivers of technological change of the digital era: the automation of work, the digitization of processes and plataformización. Well believe that the positive effects on employment in the use of robots in industry took precedence over their alleged negative ones; technological change does not promote the existence of a universal pattern of polarization occupational, but there is a range patterns among the occupational improvement; that digitalisation has enabled the extension of telework, although they remain cultural barriers and organisational preventing its further extension; and the pre valencia employment in platforms is still small, although some forms of organization of work of the digital platforms have been extended to all kinds of jobs. In any case, conclude that the fact that some effects prevail (positive) or other (bad) does not depend only on the nature of the technical change, but also of the regulation, policies and how the work.

The gaps in the labour market felt in terms of discrimination in terms of opportunities, treatment or remuneration between different groups of people and are the result of prejudice, stereotypes, social, structural barriers, limitation of services or poor labour policies among other factors. In general are linked to the different options for access and retention in the workforce, with the types and categories of jobs and working conditions in terms of gender, age, ethnicity, disability, nationality, socio-economic or the territorial area, among other variables.
Despite the improvement in recent years, is a long way to achieving convergence of Spain with the eu average, specifically in variables such as the employment rate, the rate of long-term unemployment and youth unemployment rate. This is stipulated Nuria Moreno-Manzanaroin, which highlights the positive side: the gender gap in employment is “ on average ” of the eu and the gap in employment on disabilities puts Spain between “ better ”.

a gender gap.

In terms of wages, women are in a worse situation than men with similar characteristics observable is considered to be so. Brindusa Anghel and J. Ignacio Conde-RuizeninGender wage gaps adjusted in Spain: 2002 - 2018 in that they consider the gender pay gaps adjusted in Spain, using the Wage Structure survey since 2002 up 2018 . The main result of their work is that, for the first time in history, the adjusted pay gap increases between 2014 and 2018 thus, truncándose downward path that has been noting since the beginning of the twenty-first century.

The differences in wages between different genders not come from both the differences in pay regulated or established in the convention, and into the labour market of social discrimination suffered by women to join the productive activity and during the so highlighted. Javier Baquero and Santos M. RuesgainGender pay gap. The differences become reality, of the one hand, on the discrepancies in the insertion in the labour market between genders and, subsequently, in the career of both and, moreover, during the time frame and dedication to the labour market (paid) and the competition is established for this purpose, between paid work and household chores and care for others, to the detriment of women.

Inequality in remuneration gap pay gap or pay for men and women is the result of different factors such as gender stereotypes, segregation of the labour market, lack of shared responsibility for domestic and care together with the differences in the form of contract, part-time, seniority or remuneration. It develops the Institute for womeninThe wage gap between women and men: analysis of its causes and tools to combat povertywhich defines the concept and the two main approaches to measure the wage gap (insightful and without adjusting) by emphasising that is the result of a complex interaction of labour, social causes, but also cultural.

(b. Double gender gap: disability and ethnicity

The roma population is one of the groups in situations of greater social vulnerability and who suffers a multidimensional and structural inequality in spain; a situation exacerbated by the factor of discrimination and antigitanismo. Arantza fernández and Carolina FernándezinThe labour gap of the roma,with particular attention to the reality specific roma womenin addition to identify the situation highlighted that the situation of roma women is worse than men gypsies in any of the indicators analysed. The inequality gap determined by the status of being a woman is highly significant and affects all aspects: the labour situation, in educational levels, in family responsibilities and even in low expectations and little chance of outreach and advocacy.

Enric Nomdedéuin

c. Immigrants

who provides information on recent developments of these ideas in academic literature, especially Spain.

Sergio Zúñigainwho, in the case of Chile considers that there is an effort to provide legislative foreign persons access to employment. The new act No. 21 . 325 migration and aliens act 2021 , aims to remedy serious shortcomings of previous policy, but nevertheless points out that unconscious form hinders access from abroad to work in Chile.

d. Gaps by age

Young people in spain have faced for decades a difficult to enter the labour market, with high rates of unemployment and insecure employment so highlight. Aida Caldera and Adolfo RodríguezinHow to improve employment prospects of young people in Spain?, affecting the quality of jobs available for many young people is also deficient abound: temporary jobs and part-time work and, in comparison with other age groups and countries, the remuneration and working conditions are worse. Younger people are also more likely to accept non-standard working hours, such as working at night and sunday.

Two critical areas stand out among young people as cornerstones of welfare and future success: employability and mental health. On the one hand, we are dealing with an uncertain labour market, little hopeful and precarious for young people. Furthermore, his mental seems to be increasingly weakened, inter alia, by the labour issue. We stand out from the Fundación Santa maría la Real inPlatform for mental health and youth Employability: a successful experience of Fundación Santa María la Real to care for young people in unemployment or in precarious employment. In this article share the methodology used in its first year of implementation, some of its main findings and recommendations for improving the reality of youth employment considering mental health.

The experience of the labour market of youth deaf in spain is marked by the search for work with demotivation, frustration and anxiety and work experience characterized by insecurity, the chain of temporary jobs and inequality. This is stipulated in the State confederation of deaf personsinThe challenge of labour inclusion of youth deaf in spain where to analyse the findings of the study on the labour inclusion of youth deaf in Spain by addressing areas such as the lack of accessibility, the challenge of training, public employment, equal opportunities or the necessary regulatory professional profile and sign language.

The promotion of employment opportunities for an ageing labour force requires a new approach to the enterprise level, sectoral, national and the eu and, in particular, the effective implementation of the existing legislation prohibiting discrimination on grounds of age is considered to be so. Ricardo Rodriguez and Jessye MullerinThe challenge of keeping older workers in the european labour marketthose on the basis of the investigations being carried out since Eurofound, factors affecting the participation of older workers the labour market in various european countries. Among others, highlights the discrimination of older workers, working conditions, health, the composition of households, education or the new forms of work and digitalisation. In turn identify various policies to keep older workers in the labour market or reincoroporarlos at the same ranging from encouraging delayed retirement age to subsidising the employment of older persons or facilitate their return after a long illness.

e. territorial Gap

On the gaps and differences between regions, Lorenzo Serrano, ángel Soler and Fernando PascualinThe quality of employment in Spain: an overview territorialanalyze the quality of employment in Spain and its autonomous communities throughout the period 2007 - 2022 through a synthetic Index contained in the conduct of 18 indicators 5 dimensions. This Contents quality draws a clear pattern of territorial disputes which, moreover, is remarkably consistent over time and consistent with the observed in other Areas of social and economic development. In terms of overall quality of employment higher levels were presented in the País Vasco , Madrid , Cataluña , Navarra and La Rioja compared to a less favourable situation Canarias and the south peninsular.

The urban-rural gap is investigating Marie Hyland and Massimiliano Mascheriniin the framework of the european union Throwing light on the gap urbano-rural in europe: can we bridge the gap?specifically, with regard to the income gap, poverty, cost and housing, employment, of human capital and digital. Rural areas are a clear disadvantage in terms of income, employment opportunities, human capital accumulation and digital access. Added to this growing inequalities in services, in Such areas as education, transport and health care.

f. Social origin as a gap in access to employment

In Spain, one of the oecd countries, the proportion of 25 to 34 years in university studies, there are still significant differences in the educational achievement and of youth in terms of social origin, calling into question the achievements in the area of equal opportunities in higher education system and the spanish labour market so indicate. Nuria Legazpe, Cecilia Albert and Maria A. DaviainSobreeducación in university graduates: the role of the familywhere explore differences of these advances at the beginning of the professional careers of young graduates associated with your family origin measured in terms of the level of education of parents, through a subsample of the survey of Employment of university 2019 . The major results reflect one disadvantage of young graduates with parents and less-skilled workers in its initial job placement, in different areas such as the duration of search and working conditions first jobs.

As regards policies, programmes and proposals Moreno-Manzanerostresses that the social investment policies that strengthen the capacities, based on solid facts, increase the participation in the labour market and prevent exclusion. In Addition, can contribute significantly to increased growth and inclusive and to increase productivity levels and are fundamental to accompany the digital transitions and ecological For its part. Legazpe, Albert and Daviaconcludes that the support provided by educational institutions to the integration of university graduates contributes significantly to reduce the differences associated with the family origin.

In the case of rural areas in europe, Mr Hyland and Mascheriniconsider that the sense of oblivion creates dissatisfaction with governments and democracy in general, so that policies should focus on addressing these gaps and its underlying causes. These policies highlighted to invest in education and training in rural communities, facilitate access digital, involve rural communities in the design and implementation of policies and innovative solutions to provide essential services.

The employment prospects of young people in Spain, Caldera and Rodriguezfind that they can be enhanced by strengthening vocational guidance during their studies and making education available appropriate more closely with the demands of the labour market. A public employment service better funded and well connected with organizations and local firms is also key to incorporate more unemployed youth employment.

The quality of employment and decent employment, are two conditions that must accompany the access to employment. Serrano, Soler and Pascualconsider that, given the high rates of unemployment, achieve full employment must remain a central objective of the economic policy strategy. However, that goal should be combined with improving the quality of employment.

At the same line from the Fundación Santa maría la Realwith regard to the mental health of young people, to emphasize that supports its improvement, beyond employment, is to have decent employment, precarious employment conditions, which relates to a better state of mental health, lower risk of suicide and higher levels of emotional. In the case of older persons Rodríguez and Mullerconsider that to promote sustainability in the work and maintain both physical and mental wellbeing of workers over careers ever longer, innovative solutions are needed to act on the conditions of work, the entire professional career, the required skills and training, motivation to remain in work and impact on productivity.

With regard to the gender gap Conde and Ruizemphasize that their reduction is not just a matter of fairness and equity issues, but also of efficiency, in the sense that, if any barriers or obstacles that impede women can develop on equal opportunities with men, we would be lost part of the talents of half of the population. That is why waste the talent of women is something that no economy can afford, given that it is in the coming decades the unstoppable ageing population will cause the population of working age fell significantly.

On the policies that could facilitate the reduction of the income gap between the sexes Baquero and Ruesga note that must be borne by society as a whole lot of the costs of caring for children, dependent and/or higher. Indicate that this is social policy go in the family - pure state, one of our main shortcomings and this is the path that transit countries are getting better results on gender equity, particularly in the area of employment.

FromInstitute for womenthey also consider that are necessary policies and structural reforms that, to engage all key players, promote gender equality at all levels, give effect to the transparency in business and ensure effective compliance with labour legislation with regard to the principle of equal pay for work of equal value, with tools such as restorative registration, auditing and pay a correct appraisal of jobs with a gender perspective.

For its part, Nomdedéuan account of the various measures taken since the general Valencia na, the central government and ngos. This set of programmes and measures have been aimed at addressing one of the main problems faced by the group of women with disabilities in the labour market such as unemployment and precarious employment, i.e. jobs of poor quality and low pay, as well as Arantza fernández and Carolina Fernándezfrom the fundación Secretariado Gitano has defended the need to implement programmes and activities adapted to the reality and the profile of the roma people, as has been the browser to access.

In the area of immigration Cachon considers that the “ laws of steel dominate in the field of the processes of integration of immigrants in the labour market (and in other areas of social life) does not mean that they should be accepted as inevitable. You can fight them from the field of politics and of the various actors committed to achieve a fairer integration of immigrants and other groups with include problems within our societies.

Analyzing recent legislation on immigration in Chile, Mr. zuñigaemphasises that it would have been more helpful a clear and objective procedure for the hiring of aliens. Suggestion within a framework to promote the legal staff, where the positive synergies for any state would be quite Useful. Considered a state duty is to promote the integration of foreigners into society of any country, but mainly in the strengthening of their independence from abroad.

In the coming years will of the labour market due to retirement, numbers of people in Spain and in the eu. Look for solutions to their replenishment and its replacement is the demographic challenge before usMaría Antonia Acutein The demographic transition and the european year of Competences, where we want to highlight and emphasize the importance of the demographic transition that we are experiencing. He explains that the eu and member states are implementing various initiatives within the European Year of the competences, where lifelong learning and skills upgrading are its key axes. Also, these axes are essential to overcome the changes and needs that arise to tackle the 3 - green transitions, digital and, in particular, the challenge of demographic transition.

Any person in a vulnerable situation, they were generally serves segregated institutions, are viewed as objects of care instead of being treated as objects of law. We presented Paula Andrade, Karina Orchards, Rocío Poyatos, Gabriel Sotomayor and Laura Vidaña-moyainA new competency framework and professional roles to advance the care and community based services and family life, where they explain the results of their consideration in the heart of their purpose in person to overcome the organizational culture. To that end, pose a new proposal for a professional tasks and powers to develop community-based alternatives and personalised support and care of persons with disabilities, elderly, children and adolescents in a position of vulnerability and people in sinhogarismo.

The speed of technological development and the changes taking place in the world of work are hastening the obsolescence of professional qualifications.Angel Pazos and Ernesto Anabitarte we explained in The university microcredenciales: a future inalienablethe important role that are going to play universities such as lifelong learning for all citizens, through a range of academic microcredenciales of university women who have learning results to improve their skills in a labour market. They Are highly volatile short-lived formations with flexible and modular methodology that is adapted to the training needs of companies and entities employers. Have a system of identifying these needs in a dynamic means ensuring that the microcredenciales are good quality.

The welfare state is a european area which is based on guarantee citizens a series of public services and benefits: health, pensions, family allowances, grants for unemployment and education. After the economic and financial crisis, the pandemic and the demographic challenges, climate and digital, Gerardo Gutiérrez inGuaranteed services of employment and the welfare statethe need to strengthen the welfare state with another pillar that would be the reconfiguration of the active employment policy. In the new law 3 / 2023 , 28 february, employment, we must emphasize the concept of “ activity ” where his approach focuses on behalf of individuals and companies, especially in smes, to facilitate their access to adequate and guaranteed, as described in article. The possibility of being able to capitalize on the provision of unemployment in the form of single farm payment is an alternative to enterprising individuals who want to start again. The labour market effects of the capitalization of unemployment,Victor Santa-bárbaraexplains the concept and 3 modalities of payment: autonomous, incorporation or establishment of an entity's societies and cooperatives and employment. Of particular significance, is the presentation to us by the author on a study in the Provincial directorate for Barcelona on the impact of her benefits as payment between 2019 and 2022 . The average in these years is 71 % of people, 1 maintain the same year, and an activity 53 % continue after 4 years, which makes this a success.

The public statistical lives times of change, with a new architecture in the statistical production focused more on the use of administrative registers for statistical purposes, in the area of the labour market. Explain Blake González and Marta Palazuelos in New times for public statistics: focus on the quality and interconnection of data where they note that administrative registers are an alternative that presented a number of advantages such as lower cost that surveys, permanent updating and precision in the data. Also refer to the measurement of unemployment, viewed from a survey as the EPA and administrative records as are used to publish the SEPE registered unemployed. In addition, the authors speak of new technologies, such as IA and big data, applied to two very important as records are REGCON, where collective agreements. you can observe qualitative variables such as teleworking or the gender perspective, or Delt@, where accidents at work. The current labour market is dynamic, complex, diverse and multi-faceted problem. The Observatory of occupations in the SEPE aims to learn, study and analyse the reality of this changing labour market of our country. So, we describe Ana Laseca in The Observatory of occupations in the public employment service State, which focuses on the relevance of the professionalism of a network of analysts at provincial and national levels that meet the needs of information on labour market of jobseekers, working people, companies and public institutions. All this, from different perspectives: spatial, occupational training, by economic activity and from the profiles and of specific communities. The job orientation can be defined as a process to assist and accompany a person you are looking for, or want to improve their employment, through the development of personal competencies, technical and professionals that will allow it access or maintenance of a job. As our Shepherd Irene The Observatory of occupations generator for career orientationthe observatory of occupations, available at the site of the SEPE, content and specific instruments that are tailored to the different target audiences, to inform and explain the reality of the various areas of the labour market and the skills needed to access jobs. Also invites us to look closely at each of them.

In this issue we have just added a new section Other viewsat which we want to pick up visions of other disciplines literary and graphics, since an artistic approach. In this regard we are pleased to submit the account The eighth day the author Rafael Garcia, which addresses the issue of full employment and graphical bullet The peritas the designer Raquel Gu referring to the gender gap.

We would like to thank our colleague María Concepción Piqueras, its willingness, his taste for detail and the thoroughness of brugge and Irene Pastor, have made their professional experience and expertise in job orientation. Both have actively participated in the launch and publication of “ Cuadernos ” and new phases of work, for which we wish you every success, deserve and that they will be.
Finally, we would like to announce the central themes of the next issue. The day will focus on brokering in the field of public employment services and the dossier will address the multifaceted social economy.